The Kölliken hazardous waste landfill (SMDK) is the largest contaminated site in Switzerland. It is located in the middle of a residential area. It began operation in 1978 and was shut down from 1985 due to odour and dust emissions and made safe for the short term. It transpired that the landfill was threatening the closest water table. The remediation operation, officially approved in 2003, involves creating an appropriate infrastructure (support-free hall, rail connection etc.) and excavating a total of 500,000 tonnes of waste. The work is expected to be completed in 2017.